Grounds of Knowledge
Justification
The reasoning that connects evidence to a conclusion. Two knowers can hold the same evidence and be justified in different beliefs if their inferential standards differ. Justification is what separates knowing something from happening to be right about it.
How claims are supported. These concepts ask what has to be in place before a claim earns the right to be believed, and what the difference is between a reason and a rationalisation.
Situations that raise justification
All 11 situationsReal cases a class can argue about, where this concept is what is actually at stake.
- A song as a political argumentAfrica
- The proof no human has readGlobal
- Grams of asteroid, years of travelEast Asia
- Sailing to Tahiti without instrumentsOceania
- Testing vision instead of theorising itThe Middle East and North Africa
- The raft, the genes, and Pacific originsOceania
- Freedom inside a systemThe Middle East and North Africa
- Ramanujan's unproven theoremsIndia